How Can Canada Improve Access to Abortion Care?

Author: Martha Paynter, Post-Doctoral Fellow at the University of British Columbia

Authors/Editors: Romina Garcia de leon, Shayda Swann (Blog Co-coordinators).

Published: March 24, 2023

As an abortion care provider in Canada, I feel deep solidarity with colleagues south of the border and terror for their patients after the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade, the 1973 ruling that the U.S. Constitution afforded protection to the right to abortion. Individual states now may ban abortion outright — and several already have.

Abortion care affirms the dignity and autonomy of patients and translates into not only physical and mental health but also opportunity for education, employment, safety from violence, and parenting wanted children.

Providers and policymakers in Canada can and must respond to U.S. abortion bans by expanding access to care here.

In Canada, abortion is completely decriminalized and, as health care, is no more governed by criminal law than knee surgery or intravenous antibiotics. There are no legal limits on gestational age, mandatory waiting periods, or requirements that youth seek parental consent.

Abortion in Canada is publicly funded like most medical services, with a few exceptions. And since 2017, all primary care providers, including family physicians and nurse practitioners, have been authorized (except in Québec) to prescribe mifepristone for medication abortion, which is drug-induced rather than surgical.

Because abortion case is not governed by law in Canada, politicians cannot lobby for reforms to limit access. There is no law that providers must tiptoe around to avoid prosecution.

In the past seven years, logistical access to abortion in Canada has improved significantly:

• New Brunswick introduced self-referral and solidified surgical services at three hospitals.
• Prince Edward Island opened a comprehensive program.
• Nova Scotia centralized referral to a single toll-free line.
• Most importantly, the ability to prescribe medication for abortions has democratized access.

Even COVID-19 protections resulted in care expansion: as providers became more familiar with telemedicine, many felt comfortable moving to “no touch” or “low touch” medication abortion prescribing, without requiring blood work or ultrasound.

Because pandemic inter-provincial travel restrictions limited the ability to refer patients elsewhere if they were past local gestational age caps, hospitals in several provinces made the necessary infrastructural and training adjustments to extend the gestational ages to which they would provide care.

But serious limits on abortion access in Canada remain. This is a huge country, and people living in rural, remote and underserved areas face enormous travel burdens to access care.

These burdens are greatest for people facing poverty, intimate partner violence and racism from the health-care system. And access challenges may be greater if we suddenly see an influx of demand from U.S. patients.

Because health care is administered at the provincial/territorial level, access and medical practices among the provinces/territories vary widely, and unjustly. This is the case for all kinds of health care — but abortion is basic and common care, not neurosurgery.

Consider how there are 49 (surgical) abortion sites in Québec — by far the highest number of access points — but Québec has the lowest rate of uptake of medication abortion because of rigid requirements about prescribing authority. Meanwhile, although there is only one surgical abortion site in P.E.I., where more than half of abortions are through medication.

In Newfoundland, 95 per cent of (publicly funded) surgical abortion takes place at the freestanding family practice clinic, Athena. Yet New Brunswick has kept a perverse piece of legislation on the books for decades, 84–20 Schedule 2 a.1 of the Medical Services Payment Act, denying public insurance for surgical abortion outside of a hospital building.

One in three people in Canada with a uterus will have an abortion in their lifetime. The arrangements for care should not be so convoluted and unequal.

There will undoubtedly be escalating rhetoric from anti-choice politicians in the wake of the fall of Roe. Now is the time to leap forward in terms of access. Health-care providers, policymakers, activists and everyone in Canada can channel our horror into meaningful and specific actions to enthusiastically expand abortion services.

1. We need to ensure all medical and nursing schools include robust abortion components in their curricula to increase provider knowledge, competence and confidence with abortion care and reduce geographic disparities.
2. Nurse practitioners and midwives should be authorized not only to prescribe abortion medication but to perform aspiration (surgical) abortion. Québec must get on board with welcoming primary care providers as medication abortion prescribers.
3. We should nurture abortion provider networks for mentorship and support, to improve confident uptake of no-touch mifepristone prescribing and availability of abortion in rural, remote and underserved communities.
4. We must have universal coverage for contraception for everyone, and explore offering contraception and mifepristone over the counter, as we do with Plan B.
5. We must make sure every person understands how abortion care works here, normalize it as a health service, and resist any attempt to bind it up in a law that could someday be altered or taken away.

Poverty, stigma, racism and gender violence are barriers to abortion in Canada. If we are worried about threats to access, these are what we need to fight.